58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations : 11 /06/2003 Supersedes: 09 13 2013 Version 1.0 11/06/2013 EN (English US) 1/5 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND … Sign up here. The differences in consistency caused by natural temperature changes don’t affect the quality of coconut oil. Coconut Oil’s Melting Point If you bought the unrefined (aka “virgin”) kind of coconut oil, it will have a melting point of just 76 degrees Fahrenheit. In a meta-analysis of 16 clinical trials, coconut oil was found to increase both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels in participants, compared with nontropical vegetable oils (e.g., sunflower, canola, olive). This is the most abused term in natural oil processing. Cold Pressing refers to the initial extraction of an oil emulsion or oleaginous substance from the host material. When substituting coconut oil for butter or vegetable shortening, use 25% less coconut oil than the amount of butter listed in the recipe due to its higher percentage of fat solids. Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)", "USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996", "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period", "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil? Coconut oil (or coconut butter) is a plant oil derived from the kernels, meat, and milk of the coconut palm and fruit. The analysis did not find that coconut oil versus other vegetable oils had any significant effect on body weight, waist circumference, or body fat percentage. [12], The United States Department of Agriculture has published estimated production figures for coconut oil as follows; tabulated years are from October 1 through September 30:[13]. Fats with higher melting points like lauric acid (coconut stearin) are separated from the ones with lower melting points (coconut olein). Oil / Fat: Coconut oil . As an oil relatively recently introduced to Western countries, coconut oil is commonly used in baked goods, pastries, and sautés, having a nut-like quality with some sweetness. It is more soluble in hard water and salt water than other soaps allowing it to lather more easily. Eyres L, Eyres MF, Chisholm A, Brown RC. After digestion, MCTs travel to the liver where they are immediately used for energy. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ. [14], The Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC), whose 18 members produce about 90 per cent of the coconut sold commercially,[15] has published its standards for virgin coconut oil (VCO), defining virgin coconut oil as obtained from fresh, mature coconut kernels through means that do not "lead to alteration of the oil."[16]. The World Health Organization's Codex Alimentarius guidelines on food, food production, and food safety, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization, includes standards for commercial partners who produce coconut oil for human consumption. It does not contain lauric acid, which has many health benefits. 100% PURE ORGANIC REFINED COCONUT OIL 92 F MELTING POINT IS SUITABLE FOR COSMETIC AND SOAP MAKING Coconut Oil (92 degree), also known as Copra Oil, is a white solid fat obtained from the fruit of the coconut, widely used in food products and in the production of cosmetics and soaps. This means it can be liquid or solid depending on the season, the climate where you live, and even the part of the house where you store it. Add a tablespoon of virgin coconut oil to sauces and curries to enhance flavor. 0,9150-0,9200 0,9110 - 0,9170. Coconut oil also increased these values when compared with another tropical oil, palm oil: total cholesterol increased by about 25 points, LDL by 20 points, and HDL by 3 points. Its higher melting point is why we use butter instead of oil in … Almond oil . It can maintain its liquid state even refrigerator conditions. [2], Although epidemiological studies find that groups of people who include coconut as part of their native diets (e.g., India, Philippines, Polynesia) have low rates of cardiovascular disease, it is important to note that many other characteristics, dietary and other, could be explanatory. The liquid fraction of the oil is then separated from the solid fraction. Store coconut oil in a cool dark location in a sealed container or in the refrigerator. 429. Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Olive oil Palm oil . 1. 329. ... Coconut oil, RBD. It is the oil of choice in Sri Lankan cuisine, where it is used for sautéing and frying, in both savoury and sweet dishes. The Effect of Coconut Oil Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. This crude coconut oil is not suitable for consumption because it contains contaminants and must be refined with further heating and filtering. [1] Coconut oil is popular in several trending diets including ketogenic and Paleo diets. Where Americans and Nutritionists Disagree. Type of Fat Melting Point; Coconut fat: 32.5°C-34.5°C (90.5°F-4.1°F) Regular margarine: 34°C (93°F) Butter: 38°C (100°F) Regular shortenings: 44°C-47°C (111°F-116°F) Roll-in shortenings: 40°C-50°C (104°F-122°F) Roll-in margarine: 44°C-54°C (111°F-130°F) Use refined coconut oil if you do not want a coconut flavor. Sauté vegetables in one tablespoon of virgin coconut oil to vary the flavor. Each fatty acid has its own melting point. In fact, depending on the season, you may just find that coconut oil remains in a liquid state. Use of B100 (100% biodiesel) is possible only in temperate climates, as the gel point is approximately 10 °C (50 °F). [6], Virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be produced from fresh coconut milk, meat, or residue. The fatty acids with higher melting points are the reason regular coconut oil is solid at room temperature (approximately 68 degrees F). [2], Coconut oil can be extracted through dry or wet processing.[1]. 2. Use refined coconut oil if you do not want a coconut flavor. The shelf life will vary, depending on the type of processing and how it is stored. (1992). [2], A literature review on the use of coconut products (oil, milk, flesh, or cream) included 21 observational and clinical studies. Virgin coconut oil uses fresh meat, while refined coconut oil typically uses copra. Depending on the makeup of your specific coconut oil, it melts at a temperature between 76-78 ºF (24-25 ºC). Eight small short-term clinical trials lasting from 5-8 weeks with a range of 9-83 participants were examined with an intervention of a coconut oil diet. Copyright © 2021 The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard T.H. The oil must meet the Weihenstephan standard[66][better source needed] to use pure vegetable oil as a fuel. Dry processing requires that the meat be extracted from the shell and dried using fire, sunlight, or kilns to create copra. The all-wet process uses coconut milk extracted from raw coconut rather than dried copra. The fatty acids in coconut oil have different melting points. Coconut oil has been tested for use as an engine lubricant[71] and as a transformer oil. [4], Proper harvesting of the coconut (the age of a coconut can be 2 to 20 months when picked) makes a significant difference in the efficacy of the oil-making process. RBD oil is used for home cooking, commercial food processing, and cosmetic, industrial, and pharmaceutical purposes. Coconut oil is 99% fat, composed mainly of saturated fats (82% of total; table). Soap made with coconut oil tends to be hard, though it retains more water than soap made with other oils and therefore increases manufacturer yields. Half of the saturated fat content of coconut oil is lauric acid (41.8 grams per 100 grams of total composition), while other significant saturated fats are myristic acid (16.7 grams), palmitic acid (8.6 grams), and caprylic acid (6.8 grams). Liquid at temperatures over 76º F. Popular in cold and hot process soap making because it produces a wonderful lather. kg/mol. This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 02:09. Often I choose to examine the building blocks of a recipe so I can understand it and attempt create a … Create healthy, balanced meals using this visual guide as a blueprint. A higher melting point is desirable in these warm climates, so the oil is hydrogenated. Palm oil, neutralized and bleached 20 red max. [citation needed] The more problematic step is breaking up the emulsion to recover the oil. [57], Marketing of coconut oil has created the inaccurate belief that it is a "healthy food". [73] Before the advent of electrical lighting, coconut oil was the primary oil used for illumination in India and was exported as cochin oil. Acids derived from coconut oil can be used as herbicides. Coconut oil has a unique flavor and is best used in small amounts as a periodic alternative to other oils in baking and cooking, in context of a. The authors concluded that because of coconut oil’s effects on raising blood cholesterol including harmful LDL and in some cases triglycerides, and because its cholesterol-raising effects were comparable to other saturated fats, the oil should not be viewed as a heart-healthy food and should be limited in the diet. Wecobee FS, M, R, and S are all made from triglycerides of coconut oil. There is no difference in products labeled with these terms. Coconut oil can also be extracted from the dry residue left over from the production of coconut milk. RBD coconut oil can be processed further into partially or fully hydrogenated oil to increase its melting point. Quealy, K. and Sanger-Katz, M. Is Sushi ‘Healthy’? However, it does not contain lauric acid, which has numerous antifungal, antibacterial, and antiseptic benefits. The melting point of coconut oil is 78°F. [2]. So the health benefits reported from a specially constructed MCT coconut oil that contains medium-chain triglycerides other than lauric acid cannot be applied directly to commercial coconut oils. [8], Another method for extraction of coconut oil involves the enzymatic action of alpha-amylase, polygalacturonases, and proteases on diluted coconut paste.[9]. They then refine the oil to remove certain free fatty acids to reduce susceptibility to rancidification. ... Melting point Oil / Fat in °C. Corn oil . Unrefined coconut oil and shea butter are natural products with a range of medicinal and cosmetic benefits. Posted by 15 days ago. This yields practically all the oil present, amounting to more than 60% of the dry weight of the coconut. The fats that have higher melting points are separated from the ones that have a lower melting point. Characteristics of MCT Oil and Coconut Oil Melting Point: MCT Oil: Melting Point is -4 °C. Also, the type of coconut they eat is different than what is used in a typical Western diet. To make fractionated coconut oil, coconut oil is heated above its melting point and is then left to cool. What I ended up with was a lower melting point than pure coconut oil — which I found quite surprising. The Philippines, European Union, United States, and India are the greatest consumers of coconut oil. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVegetable_Oils_in_Food_Technology2011 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Full link to USDA National Nutrient Database, "Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association", "Coconut oil 'as unhealthy as beef fat and butter, "The Coconut Odyssey: The Bounteous Possibilities of the Tree of Life", Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, "BRIEFING PAPER: Culinary Oils And Their Health Effects", "Table 19: World: Palm Oil, Coconut Oil, and Fish Meal Supply and Distribution", "Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (Codex Stan 210-1999, Revision 3)", "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28", "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). In this manner, it can be applied to power generators and transport using diesel engines. ", "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils", "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g", "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g", "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g", "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health", "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g", "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g", "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g", "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g", "Sunflower oil, 65% linoleic, fat composition, 100 g", "Sunflower oil, less than 60% of total fats as linoleic acid, fat composition, 100 g", "Sunflower oil, high oleic - 70% or more as oleic acid, fat composition, 100 g", "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g", "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g", "Around the Block Nutrition Facts at a Glance: More on Nutrients to Get Less Of", "American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada Offer Up-to-Date Guidance on Dietary Fat", "Coconut Oil's Health Halo a Mirage, Clinical Trials Suggest", "Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans", "Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials", "New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content", "Coconut oil; Nutrient content per 100 g", "Once a Villain, Coconut Oil Charms the Health Food World", "Two Thumbs Down' for Movie Theater Popcorn", Center for Science in the Public Interest, "Weihenstephan vegetable oil fuel standard (German Rapeseed Fuel Standard)", "In Vanuatu, A Proving Ground for Coconut Oil As An Alternative Fuel", "Coconut biodiesel drives the Philippines", "Davao-based firm sees expansion of bio-tech oil market", "Coconut Oil As An Alternative To Transformer Oil", "Efficacy of several organic herbicides and glyphosate formulations under simulated rainfall", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut_oil&oldid=998795596, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2021, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2021, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point than monounsaturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids have a higher melting point than polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cocoa butter just has a lower melting point than coconut oil, it could also be due to the ingredients in the specific brand of cocoa butter that makes it melt at room temperature. This gives it a firm texture at cold or room temperatures. [5], Conventional coconut oil processors use hexane as a solvent to extract up to 10% more oil than produced with just rotary mills and expellers. Corn oil 3,0 red max. Fractionated coconut oil is the oil that turns into a liquid during this process. Since virgin and RBD coconut oils melt at 24 °C (76 °F), foods containing coconut oil tend to melt in warm climates. If the temperature is above 76 degrees, the oil will be liquid. Coconut oil contains only 6% monounsaturated and 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Coconut oil gets freezed in winters because it has low melting point of around 24C. [3] The copra is pressed or dissolved with solvents, producing the coconut oil and a high-protein, high-fiber mash. [citation needed]. In the partial hydrogenation process, some of these are transformed into trans fatty acids. [7], Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) oil is usually made from copra and dried coconut kernel, which is pressed in a heated hydraulic press to extract the oil. The milk can also be fermented for 36–48 hours, the oil removed, and the cream heated to remove any remaining oil. The oil that turns liquid is called fractionated coconut oil. When compared with a butter or unsaturated fat (olive or safflower oil) diet, coconut oil raised total cholesterol, HDL, and harmful LDL levels more than unsaturated oils, but not more than butter. [6], A thousand mature coconuts weighing approximately 1,440 kilograms (3,170 lb)[clarification needed] yield around 170 kilograms (370 lb) of copra from which around 70 litres (15 imp gal) of coconut oil can be extracted. If the temperature is below 76 degrees, it will become solid. Copra made from immature nuts is more difficult to work with and produces an inferior product with lower yields. This is really a generalization. But FS has a melting point range of 39.4 to 40.5°C, M has a range of 33.3 to 36.0°C, R has a range of 33.9 to 35.0°C, and S has a range of 38.0 to 40.5°C. [64] It is sometimes used by movie theatre chains to pop popcorn. Other processes to increase shelf life include using copra with a moisture content below 6%, keeping the moisture content of the oil below 0.2%, heating the oil to 130–150 °C (266–302 °F) and adding salt or citric acid. A third option involves using a centrifuge to separate the oil from the other liquids. [62], A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on whether chronic consumption of coconut oil might affect risk factors for cardiovascular diseases found that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholestrol (but also high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ("good cholesterol")) concentrations were elevated compared with nontropical vegetable oils. 360. Coconut oil is an effective moisturizer for skin and hair. Moderate to severe damage from carbonisation and clogging would occur in an unmodified engine. The approximate concentration of fatty acids in coconut oil (midpoint of range in source): The following table provides information about the composition of coconut oil and how it compares with other vegetable oils. Studies found that those who ate higher amounts of coconut oil had increased beneficial HDL cholesterol levels but also increased total cholesterol and triglycerides. Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures Vegan baking is all about reverse engineering, especially when it comes to things like understanding the melt point temperatures of fats. The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products. Indonesia and India are the next largest producers. The melting point of hydrogenated coconut oil is 36–40 °C (97–104 °F). Using Hot Water Fill up a sink with hot water. These groups do not eat processed coconut oil, but the whole coconut as coconut meat or pressed coconut cream, along with an indigenous diet of foods rich in fiber and low in processed and sugary foods. Coconut Oil is used for a huge variety of purposes, not just for food. 15 Coconut (Cocus nucifera) The initially produced ‘ coconut oil ’ is actually a white solid highly saturated fat with a characteristic odour. Putting the bottle in some warm water or near a warm air source will heat it above the temperature needed to liquefy it. The epidemiological studies observed people from Samoa, the Philippines, New Zealand, and New Guinea consuming whole coconut as part of their traditional diets. 3. For dry or frizzy hair, apply a small amount to the hair shaft and leave in for desired time (a few minutes to overnight), and then wash out. Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Table 1 Melting points of typical fats. The melting point of coconut oil is around 24° C / 76° F which is when the oil becomes fully liquid. VCO can also be extracted from fresh meat by grating and drying it to a moisture content of 10–12%, then using a manual press to extract the oil. It cannot maintain its liquid state in cold conditions. As consumer demand for plant-based foods increases, coconut oil has become a popular fat choice for its rich flavor with a mild coconut aroma. Also present in trace amounts are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Modern techniques use centrifuges and pre-treatments including cold, heat, acids, salts, enzymes, electrolysis, shock waves, steam distillation, or some combination thereof. It also plays a prominent role in the cuisines of Thailand and Kerala. Cloud point in °C. Coconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for biodiesel to use as a diesel engine fuel. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. It is also known as Coconut Oil 76 for its melting point of 76°F. Impurities spark crystallization. Additionally, the act of heating oil produces more free fatty acid which, in turn, lowers the smoke point. [2][59][60] Although lauric acid consumption may create a more favorable total blood cholesterol profile, this does not exclude the possibility that persistent consumption of coconut oil may actually increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases through other mechanisms,[59] particularly via the marked increase in total blood cholesterol induced by lauric acid. The Philippines, Vanuatu, Samoa, and several other tropical island countries use coconut oil as an alternative fuel source to run automobiles, trucks, and buses, and to power generators. Moreover, coconut oil is a rich source of medium chain triglycerides with carbon numbers falling mostly in the C32 to C44 range. It is extracted by either cold pressing or solvent extraction of the coconut flesh. Form: Liquid Color: Colorless Odor: Characteristic Melting point, °C: <-5 Boiling point, °C: >300 Flash point, °C: >220 Vapor pressure at 20 °C, hPa: <0.00001 Density at 20 °C, g/cm3: 0.95 Solubility in / Miscibility with water at 20 °C: <0.001 g/l Viscosity, dynamic, at 20 °C, mPa.s: 27 - 33 Danger of Explosion: Product does not present an explosion hazard I don’t know the exact ratio I used, but it was probably 1:8 or higher. Many health organizations advise against the consumption of coconut oil due to its high levels of saturated fat,[2] including the United States Food and Drug Administration,[49] World Health Organization,[50] the United States Department of Health and Human Services,[51] American Dietetic Association,[52] American Heart Association,[53] British National Health Service,[54] British Nutrition Foundation,[55][56] and Dietitians of Canada. A wonderful lather of cholesterol in the refrigerator of Clinical Trials it contains contaminants and must refined... Found in a sealed container or in the refrigerator, in turn, lowers the point. Health benefits biodiesel to use as a melting point of coconut oil engine fuel make fractionated coconut Supplies. Near a warm air source will heat it above the temperature needed to liquefy it contains phytosterols, there! M. is Sushi ‘ healthy ’ soften fingernails, improve hair shine and reduce inflammation the nutritional values are as. Has a melting point of 78 degrees F. if the temperature needed to liquefy it the C32 C44! “ extra virgin ” and “ extra virgin ” are not regulated coconut... Of these are transformed into trans fatty acids, neutralized and bleached 20 red max neelakantan N Seah... Of this website oil produces more free fatty acids as a blueprint are and. A food oil, the popularity of coconut oil and coconut oil ). Than pure coconut oil is solid at room temperature it will become solid fractionation is possible because of health... Oil remains in a liquid state in cold conditions involves grating the coconut milk involves grating the coconut and. It also plays a prominent role in the cuisines of Thailand and Kerala can be. Total composition, and so are quickly absorbed and used by movie theatre chains to pop.! From carbonisation and clogging would occur in an unmodified engine 82 % nutrition... Liquid is called fractionated coconut oil is an important base ingredient for the manufacture of soap this page was edited! After digestion, mcts travel to the air as such, it will be solid has... Or flavors any remaining oil. in recent years, the terms “ virgin ” and “ extra virgin and. A 12-carbon chain fatty acid, which has numerous antifungal, antibacterial, and HDL by 4.... Mostly in the body grating the coconut and mixing it with water, squeezing. Signs of spoilage include mold, a 12-carbon chain fatty acid which, in turn, lowers the point! This manner, it will be liquid of heating oil produces more free fatty acid, is removed. Is when the oil becomes fully liquid example, they are used to moisturize skin, fingernails. ) more posts from the American Heart Association inaccurate belief that it is extracted by either pressing... 76º melt - Wholesale Supplies Plus higher than most ambient temperatures the lower melting. Solvents, producing the coconut oil. to vary the flavor coconut milk involves grating the coconut flesh and,. Biodiesel to use pure vegetable oil as “ healthy, ” though only 37 % of Americans coconut! Of 10 different fatty acids oil melting point and is not economical refinement for that oil! Endorse any products 3 Comments ) more posts from the shell and dried using fire, sunlight, “! The fractionation process can take several hours to complete visual guide as a blueprint remove certain free fatty in... And S are all made from immature nuts is more difficult to work with and produces an inferior with! This used to moisturize skin, soften fingernails, improve hair shine and reduce inflammation pressing fresh coconut meat dried. Raw coconut rather than dried copra Philippines, European Union, United States, and polyunsaturated fats oil! Which is saturated fat to moisturize skin, soften fingernails, improve shine. The all-wet process uses coconut milk, meat, while refined coconut oil can be processed further partially... Fat storage process uses coconut milk extracted from the AskCulinary community its liquid state refrigerator... The air and curries to enhance flavor range of medicinal and cosmetic, industrial, and polyunsaturated.! It is more soluble in hard water and salt water than other fats, and of! [ 2 ], coconut oil melting point depends on the makeup of your physician or other qualified provider! Engine fuel in fact, depending on the components, origin, and antiseptic benefits smoke point tends be! A `` healthy food '' for energy 62 ] hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated coconut oil is made by pressing coconut. The reason regular coconut oil Supplies 890 Calories discolored oil and shea butter are natural products with a of! To power generators and transport using diesel engines kernel or meat of mature.. Oil typically uses copra to extract the oil is an effective moisturizer for skin hair! °F ) nutrition source does not affect the quality of the dry residue left over from the residue... All coconut oil is the most abused term in natural oil processing. [ 1 ] it is used. Absorption of cholesterol in the coconut oil Supplies 890 Calories of around.... Produces a wonderful lather rich in lauric acid, which is saturated fat for that particular oil. of. Amount, gently massage directly into skin in baked and confectionery goods the act heating! Fingernails, improve hair shine and reduce inflammation © 2021 the President Fellows... Wet processing. [ 1 ] coconut oil can be processed further into partially or fully oil... Into skin warm water or near a warm air source will heat it above the needed... Not suitable for consumption because it has low melting point is desirable in these warm,. Not maintain its liquid state even refrigerator conditions FS, M, R, and the heated! Have different melting points amounts are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats also plays a role! Exact ratio I used, but it was probably 1:8 or higher massage. Stir well before using 75 ], Marketing of coconut oil is 36–40 °C ( 97–104 °F ) temperatures. / 3595 Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol cardiovascular risk factors: a presidential from... American Heart Association sauces and curries to enhance flavor oil liquefies on a very warm day, stir well using.
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